Chatbot for Health Care and Oncology Applications Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Systematic Review PMC

Finally, to ground our analysis, we employ the perspective of HCPs and list critical aspects and challenges relating to how chatbots may transform clinical capabilities and change patient-clinician relationships in clinical practices in the long run. We stress here that our intention is not to provide empirical evidence for or against chatbots in health care; it is to advance discussions of professional ethics in the context of novel technologies. We acknowledge the difficulty in identifying the nature of systemic change and looking at its complex network-like structure in the functioning of health organisations.

Chatbots provide patients with a more personalized experience, making them feel more connected to their healthcare providers. Chatbots can help patients feel more comfortable and involved in their healthcare by conversationally engaging with them. When using chatbots in healthcare, it is essential to ensure that patients understand how their data will be used and https://chat.openai.com/ are allowed to opt out if they choose. As such, there are concerns about how chatbots collect, store, and use patient data. Healthcare providers must ensure that privacy laws and ethical standards handle patient data. AI chatbots are used in healthcare to provide patients with a more personalized experience while reducing the workload of healthcare professionals.

The limitation to the abovementioned studies was that most participants were young adults, most likely because of the platform on which the chatbots were available. In addition, longer follow-up periods with larger and more diverse sample sizes are needed for future studies. Chatbots used for psychological support hold great potential, as individuals are more comfortable disclosing personal information when no judgments are formed, even if users could still discriminate their responses from that of humans [82,85]. From the patient’s perspective, various chatbots have been designed for symptom screening and self-diagnosis. The ability of patients to be directed to urgent referral pathways through early warning signs has been a promising market.

If the limitations of chatbots are better understood and mitigated, the fears of adopting this technology in health care may slowly subside. The Discussion section ends by exploring the challenges and questions for health care professionals, patients, and policy makers. Healthy diets and weight control are key to successful disease management, as obesity is a significant risk factor for chronic conditions. Chatbots have been incorporated into health coaching systems to address health behavior modifications. For example, CoachAI and Smart Wireless Interactive Health System used chatbot technology to track patients’ progress, provide insight to physicians, and suggest suitable activities [45,46].

Some may be inclined to ask ChatGPT for medical advice instead of searching the internet for answers, which prompts the question of whether chatbox artificial intelligence is accurate and reliable for answering medical questions. One of the key elements of expertise and its recognition is that patients and others can trust the opinions and decisions offered by the expert/professional. However, in the case of chatbots, ‘the most important factor for explaining trust’ (Nordheim et al. 2019, p. 24) seems to be expertise. People can trust chatbots if they are seen as ‘experts’ (or as possessing expertise of some kind), while expertise itself requires maintaining this trust or trustworthiness.

To further cement their findings, the researchers asked the GPT-4 another 60 questions related to ten common medical conditions. The 36 inaccurate answers receiving a score of 2.0 or lower on the accuracy scale were reevaluated 11 days later, using GPT-3.5 to evaluate improvement over time. Notably, 26 of the 26 answers improved in accuracy, with the median score for the group improving from 2.0 to 4.0. In the first round of testing with GPT-3.5, the researchers tabulated a median accuracy score of 5.0 and a median completeness score of 3.0, meaning on the first try, ChatGPT-3.5 typically answered the questions nearly accurately and comprehensively. That provides an easy way to reach potentially infected people and reduce the spread of the infection.

According to the analysis from the web directory, health promotion chatbots are the most commonly available; however, most of them are only available on a single platform. Thus, interoperability on multiple common platforms is essential for adoption by various types of users across different age groups. In addition, voice and image recognition should also be considered, as most chatbots are still text based. Further refinements and large-scale implementations are still required to determine the benefits across different populations and sectors in health care [26].

Top 10 chatbots in healthcare

The interpretation of speech remains prone to errors because of the complexity of background information, accuracy of linguistic unit segmentation, variability in acoustic channels, and linguistic ambiguity with homophones or semantic expressions. Chatbots are unable to efficiently cope with these errors because of the lack of common sense and the inability to properly model real-world knowledge [105]. Another factor that contributes to errors and inaccurate predictions is the large, noisy data sets used to train modern models because large quantities of high-quality, representative data are often unavailable [58]. In addition to the concern of accuracy and validity, addressing clinical utility and effectiveness of improving patients’ quality of life is just as important. With the increased use of diagnostic chatbots, the risk of overconfidence and overtreatment may cause more harm than benefit [99]. There is still clear potential for improved decision-making, as diagnostic deep learning algorithms were found to be equivalent to health care professionals in classifying diseases in terms of accuracy [106].

All the included studies tested textual input chatbots, where the user is asked to type to send a message (free-text input) or select a short phrase from a list (single-choice selection input). Only 4 studies included chatbots that responded in speech [24,25,37,38]; all the other studies contained chatbots that responded in text. For months, experts have been warning about the threats posed to high-profile elections in 2024 by the rapid development of generative AI. Much of this concern, however, has focused on how generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Midjourney could be used to make it quicker, easier, and cheaper for bad actors to spread disinformation on an unprecedented scale. But this research shows that threats could also come from the chatbots themselves.

Finally, the issue of fairness arises with algorithm bias when data used to train and test chatbots do not accurately reflect the people they represent [101]. As the AI field lacks diversity, bias at the level of the algorithm and modeling choices may be overlooked by developers [102]. In a study using 2 cases, differences in prediction accuracy were shown concerning gender and insurance type for intensive care unit mortality and psychiatric readmissions [103]. On a larger scale, this may exacerbate barriers to health care for minorities or underprivileged individuals, leading to worse health outcomes. Identifying the source of algorithm bias is crucial for addressing health care disparities between various demographic groups and improving data collection.

As AI chatbots increasingly permeate healthcare, they bring to light critical concerns about algorithmic bias and fairness (16). AI, particularly Machine Learning, fundamentally learns patterns from the data they are trained on Goodfellow et al. (17). If the training data lacks diversity or contains inherent bias, the resultant chatbot models may mirror these biases (18). Such a scenario can potentially amplify healthcare disparities, as it may lead to certain demographics being underserved or wrongly diagnosed (19).

Step-by-Step Process of Developing and Implementing Chatbots in Healthcare

Rasa is also available in Docker containers, so it is easy for you to integrate it into your infrastructure. This interactive shell mode, used as the NLU interpreter, will return an output in the same format you ran the input, indicating the bot’s capacity to classify intents and extract entities accurately. Ensure to remove all unnecessary or default files in this folder before proceeding to the next stage of training your bot. The name of the entity here is “location,” and the value is “colorado.” You need to provide a lot of examples for “location” to capture the entity adequately. Furthermore, to avoid contextual inaccuracies, it is advisable to specify this training data in lower case.

HyFDCA focuses on solving convex optimization problems within the hybrid federated learning setting. It employs a primal-dual setting, where privacy measures are implemented to ensure the confidentiality of client data. By using HyFDCA, participants in federated learning settings can collaboratively optimize a common objective function while protecting the privacy and security of their local data. This algorithm introduces privacy steps to guarantee that client data remains private and confidential throughout the federated learning process. Among all 284 questions asked across the two chatbox platforms, the median accuracy score was 5.5, and the median completeness score was 3.0, suggesting the chatbox format is a potentially powerful tool given its prowess.

Response generation chatbots, further classified as rule based, retrieval based, and generative, account for the process of analyzing inputs and generating responses [16]. Finally, human-aided classification incorporates human computation, which provides more flexibility and robustness but lacks the speed to accommodate more requests [17]. To seamlessly implement chatbots in healthcare systems, a phased approach is crucial.

Many experts have emphasised that chatbots are not sufficiently mature to be able to technically diagnose patient conditions or replace the judgements of health professionals. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has significantly increased the utilisation of health-oriented chatbots, for instance, as a conversational interface to answer questions, recommend care options, check symptoms and complete tasks such as booking appointments. In this paper, we take a proactive approach and consider how the emergence of task-oriented chatbots as partially automated consulting systems can influence clinical practices and expert–client relationships. We suggest the need for new approaches in professional ethics as the large-scale deployment of artificial intelligence may revolutionise professional decision-making and client–expert interaction in healthcare organisations.

System called GPT-4o — juggles audio, images and video significantly faster than previous versions of the technology. The app will be available starting on Monday, free of charge, for both smartphones and desktop computers. Chatbots, image generators and voice assistants are gradually merging into a single technology with a conversational voice. XLingHealth Chat GPT contains question-answer pairs that chatbots can reference, which the group hopes will spark improvement within LLMs. 5 min read – Software as a service (SaaS) applications have become a boon for enterprises looking to maximize network agility while minimizing costs. Share information about your working hours, clinicians, treatments, and procedures.

Match Group, the dating-app giant that owns Tinder, Hinge, Match.com, and others, is adding AI features. Volar was developed by Ben Chiang, who previously worked as a product director for the My AI chatbot at Snap. He met his fiancée on Hinge and calls himself a believer in dating apps, but he wants to make them more efficient. Immediately available to English speakers in more than 150 countries and territories, including the United States, Gemini replaces Bard and Google Assistant. It is underpinned by artificial intelligence technology that the company has been developing since early last year.

Regular quality checks are especially critical for chatbots acting as decision aids because they can have a major impact on patients’ health outcomes. Even after addressing these issues and establishing the safety or efficacy of chatbots, human elements in health care will not be replaceable. Therefore, chatbots have the potential to be integrated into clinical practice by working alongside health practitioners to reduce costs, refine workflow efficiencies, and improve patient outcomes. Other applications in pandemic support, global health, and education are yet to be fully explored.

Medical Chatbot – A Guide for Developing Chatbots in Healthcare

Our review suggests that healthbots, while potentially transformative in centering care around the user, are in a nascent state of development and require further research on development, automation, and adoption for a population-level health impact. The search initially yielded 2293 apps from both the Apple iOS and Google Play stores (see Fig. 1). In the second round of screening, 48 apps were removed as they lacked a chatbot feature and 103 apps were also excluded, as they were not available for full download, required a medical records number or institutional login, or required payment to use. Ultimately, however, the further advances of artificial intelligence are fascinating, and it will be interesting to see how large language models such as ChatGPT are implemented into all aspects of life, including the healthcare industry, in the near future. Sophisticated AI-based chatbots require a great deal of human resources, for instance, experts of data analytics, whose work also needs to be publicly funded.

ChatBot guarantees the highest standards of privacy and security to help you build and maintain patients’ trust. Add ChatBot to your website, LiveChat, and Facebook Messenger using our out-of-the-box integrations. You can’t be sure your team delivers great service without asking patients first. Create a rich conversational experience with an intuitive drag-and-drop interface. We recommend you join our mailing list and receive our fresh articles and updates in your inbox. Then, click “Manage bots” and connect your social media channels to SendPulse following the instructions.

Another app is Weight Mentor, which provides self-help motivation for weight loss maintenance and allows for open conversation without being affected by emotions [47]. Health Hero (Health Hero, Inc), Tasteful Bot (Facebook, Inc), Forksy (Facebook, Inc), and SLOWbot (iaso heath, Inc) guide users to make informed decisions on food choices to change unhealthy eating habits [48,49]. The effectiveness of these apps cannot be concluded, as a more rigorous analysis of the development, evaluation, and implementation is required. Nevertheless, chatbots are emerging as a solution for healthy lifestyle promotion through access and human-like communication while maintaining anonymity. Chatbots have been implemented in remote patient monitoring for postoperative care and follow-ups.

Google has also expanded this opportunity for tech companies to allow them to use its open-source framework to develop AI chatbots. Recently the World Health Organization (WHO) partnered with Ratuken Viber, a messaging app, to develop an interactive chatbot that can provide accurate information about COVID-19 in multiple languages. With this conversational AI, WHO can reach up to 1 billion people across the globe in their native languages via mobile devices at any time of the day.

Further refinements and testing for the accuracy of algorithms are required before clinical implementation [71]. This area holds tremendous potential, as an estimated ≥50% of all patients with cancer have used radiotherapy during the course of their treatment. However, the most recent advancements have propelled chatbots into critical roles related to patient engagement and emotional support services. Notably, chatbots like Woebot have emerged as valuable tools in the realm of mental health, engaging users in meaningful conversations and delivering cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based interventions, as demonstrated by Alm and Nkomo (4).

• Details on the number of downloads and app across the 33 countries are available in Appendix 2.
• Almost all of these platforms have vibrant visuals that provide information in the form of texts, buttons, and imagery to make navigation and interaction effortless.
• Design intuitive interfaces for seamless interactions, reducing the risk of frustration.
• Studies on the use of chatbots for mental health, in particular depression, also seem to show potential, with users reporting positive outcomes [33,34,41].

In August 2023, a search of ClinicalTrials.gov produced 57 results of ongoing clinical trials using AI chatbots in health care. The establishment of standardized usability and outcome measurement scales could aid in improving evaluation. As mentioned previously, AI-based chatbots are trained using closed datasets that are not able to continuously update themselves to incorporate the most up-to-date information. This is particularly important in relation to health care, an area where clinical practice guidelines, best practices, and safety data are continuously changing.

While AI chatbots offer many benefits, it is critical to understand their limitations. Currently, AI lacks the capacity to demonstrate empathy, intuition, and the years of experience that medical professionals bring to the table [6]. These human traits are invaluable in effective patient care, especially when nuanced language interpretation and non-verbal cues come into play.

Green means that it found similar content published on the web, and Red means that statements differ from published content (or that it could not find a match either way). It’s not a foolproof method for fact verification, but it works particularly well for crowdsourcing information. Gemini is Google’s advanced conversational chatbot with multi-model support via Google AI. Gemini is the new name for “Google Bard.” It shares many similarities with ChatGPT and might be one of the most direct competitors, so that’s worth considering. It has all the basic features you’d expect from a competitive chatbot while also going about writing use cases in a helpful way.

It is worth ever cent, get the year subscription, $39 is nothing compared to the output. These designers will, hopefully, use the money to keep updating the features and user experience. I have always had a difficult time creating written content, I get stuck, with this it save me so much time and effort, again I know what to ask, I know what I want, I just don’t always have the right words, this fills the void. I know there are many ChatGBT applications, and they are more than worth it, this is a good one. Jasper AI deserves a high place on this list because of its innovative approach to AI-driven content creation for professionals. Jasper has also stayed on pace with new feature development to be one of the best conversational chat solutions.

If you want your users to enjoy chatting with your bot, make sure that your bot has a long-term “memory,” meaning, a conversation history feature. This is applicable only to website chatbots — bots on social media send regular messages that users can access at any time. You can also use your healthcare chatbot to greet new patients and make sure they don’t get lost or overwhelmed by your website, especially if they already have clear needs. You will also be able to re-engage users who got distracted and stopped interacting with your bot if you set up timely follow-ups.

Most apps allowed for a finite-state input, where the dialogue is led by the system and follows a predetermined algorithm. Healthbots are potentially transformative in centering care around the user; however, they are in a nascent state of development and require further research on development, automation and adoption for a population-level health impact. Many health professionals and experts have emphasised that chatbots are not sufficiently mature to be able to technically diagnose patient conditions or replace health professional assessments (Palanica et al. 2019). Although some applications can provide assistance in terms of real-time information on prognosis and treatment effectiveness in some areas of health care, health experts have been concerned about patient safety (McGreevey et al. 2020). A pandemic can accelerate the digitalisation of health care, but not all consequences are necessarily predictable or positive from the perspectives of patients and professionals. For instance, if primary healthcare services are increasingly built on chatbots and other digital solutions, the tech industry will increasingly gain in health care and contribute to the ‘corporate privatization of public functions’ (Suarez-Villa 2012, p. 188).

Four apps utilized AI generation, indicating that the user could write two to three sentences to the healthbot and receive a potentially relevant response. There are a variety of chatbots available that are geared toward use by patients for different aspects of health. Ten examples of currently available health care chatbots are provided in Table 1. Chatbots are computer programs or software applications that have been designed to engage in simulated conversations with humans using natural language. Chatbots have been used in customer service for some time to answer customer questions about products or services before, or instead of, speaking to a human.

Navigating regulatory landscapes can present significant hurdles for AI chatbots in healthcare (30). Regulatory bodies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in Europe have rigorous processes for granting approval to AI chatbot-based medical devices and solutions. These processes, while critical for ensuring safety and efficacy, can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. In the context of patient engagement, chatbots have emerged as valuable tools for remote monitoring and chronic disease management (7). These chatbots assist patients in tracking vital signs, medication adherence, and symptom reporting, enabling healthcare professionals to intervene proactively when necessary.

Costly pre-service calls were reduced and the experience improved using conversational AI to quickly determine patient insurance coverage. The solution receives more than 7,000 voice calls from 120 providers per business day. Medical (social) chatbots can interact with patients who are prone to anxiety, depression and loneliness, allowing them to share their emotional issues without fear of being judged, and providing good advice as well as simple company. “The answers not only have to be correct, but they also need to adequately fulfill the users’ needs and expectations for a good answer.” More importantly, errors in answers from automated systems destroy trust more than errors by humans. This would save physical resources, manpower, money and effort while accomplishing screening efficiently.

Although this may seem as an attractive option for patients looking for a fast solution, computers are still prone to errors, and bypassing professional inspection may be an area of concern. Chatbots may also be an effective resource for patients who want to learn why a certain treatment is necessary. Madhu et al [31] proposed an interactive chatbot app that provides a list of available treatments for various diseases, including cancer. This system also informs the user of the composition and prescribed use of medications to help select the best course of action.

Additionally, the use of healthbots in healthcare is a nascent field, and there is a limited amount of literature to compare our results. Furthermore, we were unable to extract data regarding the number of app downloads for the Apple iOS store, only the number of ratings. This resulted in the drawback of not being able to fully understand the geographic distribution of healthbots across both stores. You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. These data are not intended to quantify the penetration of healthbots globally, but are presented to highlight the broad global reach of such interventions.

The search strategy comprised both controlled vocabulary, such as the National Library of Medicine’s MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), and keywords. Search concepts were developed based on the elements of the research questions and selection criteria. The search was completed on August 14, 2023, and limited to English-language documents published since January 1, 2020. Additionally, working knowledge of the “spoken” languages of the chatbots is required to access chatbot services.

Relevant apps on the iOS Apple store were identified; then, the Google Play store was searched with the exclusion of any apps that were also available on iOS, to eliminate duplicates. Since the 1950s, there have been efforts aimed at building models and systematising physician decision-making. For example, in the field of psychology, the so-called framework of ‘script theory’ was ‘used to explain how a physician’s medical diagnostic knowledge is structured for diagnostic problem solving’ (Fischer and Lam 2016, p. 24). According to this theory, ‘the medical expert has an integrated network of prior knowledge that leads to an expected outcome’ (p. 24).

Decreased wait times in accessing health care services have been found to correlate with improved patient outcomes and satisfaction [59-61]. The automated chatbot, Quro (Quro Medical, Inc), provides presynopsis based on symptoms and history to predict user conditions (average precision approximately 0.82) without a form-based data entry system [25]. In addition to diagnosis, Buoy Health (Buoy Health, Inc) assists users in identifying the cause of their illness and provides medical advice [26]. Another chatbot designed by Harshitha et al [27] uses dialog flow to provide an initial analysis of breast cancer symptoms. It has been proven to be 95% accurate in differentiating between normal and cancerous images. A study of 3 mobile app–based chatbot symptom checkers, Babylon (Babylon Health, Inc), Your.md (Healthily, Inc), and Ada (Ada, Inc), indicated that sensitivity remained low at 33% for the detection of head and neck cancer [28].

UK health authorities have recommended apps, such as Woebot, for those suffering from depression and anxiety (Jesus 2019). Pasquale (2020, p. 46) pondered, ironically, that cheap mental health apps are a godsend for health systems pressed by austerity cuts, such as Britain’s National Health Service. Unfortunately, chatbot in healthcare according to a study in the journal Evidence Based Mental Health, the true clinical value of most apps was ‘impossible to determine’. To develop social bots, designers leverage the abundance of human–human social media conversations that model, analyse and generate utterances through NLP modules.

The widespread use of chatbots can transform the relationship between healthcare professionals and customers, and may fail to take the process of diagnostic reasoning into account. This process is inherently uncertain, and the diagnosis may evolve over time as new findings present themselves. Chatbots can be exploited to automate some aspects of clinical decision-making by developing protocols based on data analysis. One stream of healthcare chatbot development focuses on deriving new knowledge from large datasets, such as scans.

As outlined in Table 1, a variety of health care chatbots are currently available for patient use in Canada. Now that we’ve gone over all the details that go into designing and developing a successful chatbot, you’re fully equipped to handle this challenging task. We’re app developers in Miami and California, feel free to reach out if you need more in-depth research into what’s already available on the off-the-shelf software market or if you are unsure how to add AI capabilities to your healthcare chatbot. Information can be customized to the user’s needs, something that’s impossible to achieve when searching for COVID-19 data online via search engines. What’s more, the information generated by chatbots takes into account users’ locations, so they can access only information useful to them.

However, one of the key elements for bots to be trustworthy—that is, the ability to function effectively with a patient—‘is that people believe that they have expertise’ (Nordheim et al. 2019). A survey on Omaolo (Pynnönen et al. 2020, p. 25) concluded that users were more likely to be in compliance with and more trustworthy about HCP decisions. We focus on a single chatbot category used in the area of self-care or that precedes contact with a nurse or doctor. These chatbots are variously called dialog agents, conversational agents, interactive agents, virtual agents, virtual humans or virtual assistants (Abd-Alrazaq et al. 2020; Palanica et al. 2019).

This may not be possible or agreeable for all users, and may be counterproductive for patients with mental illness. Chatbots must be regularly updated and maintained to ensure their accuracy and reliability. Healthcare providers can overcome this challenge by investing in a dedicated team to manage bots and ensure they are up-to-date with the latest healthcare information. Chatbots are a cost-effective alternative to hiring additional healthcare professionals, reducing costs. By automating routine tasks, AI bots can free up resources to be used in other areas of healthcare. Twenty of these apps (25.6%) had faulty elements such as providing irrelevant responses, frozen chats, and messages, or broken/unintelligible English.

Regularly update and patch security vulnerabilities, and integrate access controls to manage data access. Comply with healthcare interoperability standards like HL7 and FHIR for seamless communication with Electronic Medical Records (EMRs). Proactive monitoring and rapid issue resolution protocols further fortify the security posture. Healthcare chatbots, acknowledging the varied linguistic environment, provide support for multiple languages.

Thus, medical diagnosis and decision-making require ‘prudence’, that is, ‘a mode of reasoning about contingent matters in order to select the best course of action’ (Hariman 2003, p. 5). Chatbots have begun to use more advanced natural language processing, which allows them to understand people’s questions and answer them in more detail and naturally. They have become experts in meeting certain needs, like helping with long-term health conditions, giving support for mental health, or helping people remember to take their medicine. The search approach was customized to retrieve a limited set of results, balancing comprehensiveness with relevancy.

The Gemini update is much faster and provides more complex and reasoned responses. It seems more advanced than Microsoft Bing’s citation capabilities and is far better than what ChatGPT can do. The “Double-Check Response” button will scan any output and compare its response to Google search results.

These chatbots struggle to answer questions that haven’t been predicted by the conversation designer, as their output is dependent on the pre-written content programmed by the chatbot’s developers. Building upon the menu-based chatbot’s simple decision tree functionality, the rules-based chatbot employs conditional if/then logic to develop conversation automation flows. The rule-based bots essentially act as interactive FAQs where a conversation designer programs predefined combinations of question-and-answer options so the chatbot can understand the user’s input and respond accurately.

Gemini is excellent for those who already use a lot of Google products day to day. Google products work together, so you can use data from one another to be more productive during conversations. Its paid version features Gemini Advanced, which gives access to Google’s best AI models that directly compete with GPT-4. Chatsonic is great for those who want a ChatGPT replacement and AI writing tools.

CADTH does not guarantee and is not responsible for the quality, currency, propriety, accuracy, or reasonableness of any statements, information, or conclusions contained in any third-party materials used in preparing this document. The views and opinions of third parties published in this document do not necessarily state or reflect those of CADTH. The HIPAA Security Rule requires that you identify all the sources of PHI, including external sources, and all human, technical, and environmental threats to the safety of PHI in your company.

The diagnosis and course of treatment for cancer are complex, so a more realistic system would be a chatbot used to connect users with appropriate specialists or resources. A text-to-text chatbot by Divya et al [32] engages patients regarding their medical symptoms to provide a personalized diagnosis and connects the user with the appropriate physician if major diseases are detected. Rarhi et al [33] proposed a similar design that provides a diagnosis based on symptoms, measures the seriousness, and connects users with a physician if needed [33]. In general, these systems may greatly help individuals in conducting daily check-ups, increase awareness of their health status, and encourage users to seek medical assistance for early intervention. Early cancer detection can lead to higher survival rates and improved quality of life. Inherited factors are present in 5% to 10% of cancers, including breast, colorectal, prostate, and rare tumor syndromes [62].

One of these is biased feature selection, where selecting features used to train the model can lead to biased outcomes, particularly if these features correlate with sensitive attributes such as race or gender (21). While AI-powered chatbots have been instrumental in transforming the healthcare landscape, their implementation and integration have many challenges. This section outlines the major limitations and hurdles in the deployment of AI chatbot solutions in healthcare. All authors contributed to the assessment of the apps, and to writing of the manuscript. There were only six (8%) apps that utilized a theoretical or therapeutic framework underpinning their approach, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)43, Dialectic Behavioral Therapy (DBT)44, and Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model45. Cem’s hands-on enterprise software experience contributes to the insights that he generates.

This program offers such a rich experience for those of us that struggle with content filling. I could not be more impressed in its abilities to right website content that truly says things in the almost exact way I want them, it has blown me away how perfect some of the output has been. It’s all about how you ask it to do what you want it to do, how detailed your request is.